Substance Types and Effects: Stimulants

Crack, powder cocaine, and other amphetamines are stimulants that boost alertness and energy. Misuse can lead to side effects like cravings and heart issues. Overdosing is deadly.

Cocaine is a stimulant made from the leaves of the coca plant native to South America. There are two main forms of cocaine. It’s most commonly seen in a white powder form, also called cocaine hydrochloride, and in rock form, which is referred to as crack cocaine. 

Amphetamines are stimulants, too. This class of drug includes prescription medications, like Adderall, which are used to treat conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy.

Methamphetamine and crystal meth are "a form of the drug that looks like glass fragments or shiny, bluish-white rocks." They are stimulants that are chemically related to amphetamines.

How do stimulants affect the body?

Amphetamines can be safely prescribed for the management of some physical and mental health conditions. For someone with ADHD, amphetamines can have a calming, focusing effect. Healthcare providers might also prescribe amphetamines to someone with narcolepsy, as it increases energy levels and alertness. 

 Amphetamines have medical uses, but can be risky when misused. 

When not used for medical purposes, stimulant drugs make users feel more alert and attentive, with lots of extra energy. They can increase a desire for sex, as well as causing an increased desire for more of the drug itself.

Amphetamines are a Schedule II drug, meaning they have a high potential for abuse and can lead to addiction. 

Like opioids, cocaine causes a flood of dopamine in the brain, which can lead a person to crave more and more of the drug to get the same high.

The DEA released a disclaimer, saying that fentanyl and tranq has infected the drug supply and has been mixed into illicit stimulants. This gives the users a more intense high, but is incredibly dangerous and has caused a spike in overdose rates. 

What are the side effects of stimulants?

There are several short-term side effects associated with stimulants. This drug can constrict blood vessels, leading to increased heart rate and higher blood pressure. It can also increase your breathing and interfere with blood circulation, in some cases. 

 Long-term drug use can lead to nausea, lack of sleep, dilated pupils, decreased memory recall, and violent behavior. Some people have even experienced psychosis from overusing stimulants. 

Cocaine users and crack cocaine users have even more side effects to watch out for, including: paranoia, anger, headaches, convulsions, seizures, heart attacks, lung damage, and more. 

What withdrawal symptoms are associated with stimulants?

When going through detox, you or a loved one will face many psychological symptoms. Unlike alcohol or opioids, stimulant withdrawal symptoms include more mental and emotional effects than physical ones. 

Stimulant withdrawal symptoms include concentration problems, fatigue, depression, anxiety, cravings, nightmares, restlessness, tremors, muscle aches, and slowed thinking. 

Withdrawal symptoms tend to improve after seven to ten days. However, you may still feel cravings. We recommend attending substance abuse programs that teach these skills. 

What are some signs that someone is misusing stimulants?

Someone misusing cocaine or other amphetamines can seem extremely alert and talkative. The user might eat less and sleep less. Drug paraphernalia like aluminum foil, vials, baggies, rolled-up dollar bills, baking soda, and pipes may be found in the person’s bedroom or living space.

Can you overdose on stimulants?

Yes. According to the National Harm Reduction Coalition, this situation is referred to as overamping. It’s not the type of experience we typically think of when imagining an overdose. Still, it can be just as life-threatening. Cocaine users need to be especially careful, because this substance can cause seizures, heart attacks, or strokes.

 Circumstances that can lead to overamping include using while sleep-deprived or dehydrated, taking too large of a dose, or mixing with other substances. 

Someone who’s overamping may seem paranoid or panicked, and may start to hallucinate. Physical signs include nausea, chest pain, a racing heart, or convulsions. Learn how to identify and respond to overamping.

How can people who use stimulants reduce risks?

• If prescribed, always take stimulants as directed by your doctor
• Get regular check-ups to evaluate your heart health
• Don’t mix with other drugs, including alcohol or opioids
• Drink plenty of water
• Go slow: Give the body time to feel the first dose before taking more of a drug

How can a substance use disorder be treated?

 Addiction to meth, cocaine, or other stimulants can be treated. 

While there are currently no known medications to treat stimulant use disorders, there are effective addiction treatment programs. These include cognitive behavioral therapy, which teaches practical strategies for self-control, and contingency management, which provides positive rewards for behavior change. 

You can also look into inpatient and outpatient treatment programs. Inpatient programs generally include a stay at rehab, attending counseling sessions, recovery groups, and meetings with a doctor. Outpatient programs don’t require rehab, but usually include attending meetings and therapy sessions. 

No one form of treatment is more effective than another. It’s always important to consider an individual’s needs when selecting a treatment program. 

Learn more about effective substance use disorder treatment.